Usted no se lo cree

Ir al artículo 1
Ir al artículo 2

1. Richard Lindzen – Contra las iniciativas precipitadas – En: Cambio Climático. El reto de la humanidad – Vanguardia Dossier 33 – Octubre/Diciembre 2009-10-25
   “Artículos de Stefan Rahmsdorf, Miquel Muñiz Cabré, Javier Martín Vide, Josep Canadell, Ken Caldeira, Manuel Ludevid, Esteve Corbera, Taleb Rifai, Martin Lloyd, Vicente Ricardo Barrios, Richard S. Lindzen”
2. Aradhna K. Tripati, Christopher D. Roberts and Robert A. Eagle (2009) – Coupling of CO2 and Ice Sheet Stability over Major Climate Transitions of the Last 20 Million Years – Science doi: 10.1126/science.1178296 – Published online 08/10/2009 – Departments of Earth and Space Sciences and Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge; Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology – ‘Peer-reviewed’
   “We use boron/calcium ratios in foraminifera to estimate pCO2 during major climate transitions of the last 20 million years. During the Middle Miocene, when temperatures were ~3 to 6°C warmer and sea level 25 to 40 meters higher than present, pCO2 was similar to modern levels. Decreases in pCO2 were synchronous with major episodes of glacial expansion during the Middle Miocene (~14 to 10 million years ago; Ma) and Late Pliocene (~3.3 to -2.4 Ma).”
3. Joerg M. Schaefer et al (2009) – High-Frequency Holocene Glacier Fluctuations in New Zealand Differ from the Northern Signature – Science 324:622-625 – 01/05/2009 – Geochemistry, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO) – ‘Peer-reviewed’
   “We suggest that atmospheric circulation changes in the southwest Pacific were one important factor in forcing high frequency Holocene glacier fluctuations in New Zealand.”
4. Liz Kalaugher – North and south were out of synch – Environmental Research Web http://environmentalresearchweb.org/cws/article/research/39024
   “It hasn’t been clear whether these phenomena extended across the globe … Joerg M. Schaefer: ‘The robust finding of our work is that the glaciers in New Zealand were out of phase with those in the northern hemisphere … This holds true in particular for the prominent northern climate feature labelled the Medieval Warm Period-Little Ice Age interval’.”
5. Anastasios A. Tsonis et al (2007) – A new dynamical mechanism for major climate shifts – Geophysical Research Letters 34, L13705 doi: 10.1029/2007GL030288 – 12/07/2007 – Department of Mathematical Sciences, Atmospheric Sciences Group, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee – ‘Peer-reviewed’
   “The standard explanation for the post 1970s warming is that the radiative effect of greenhouse gases overcame shortwave reflection effects due to aerosols (ref). However, comparison of the 2035 event in the 21st century simulation and the 1910s event in the observations with this event, suggests an alternative hypothesis, namely that the climate shifted after the 1970s event to a different state of a warmer climate, which may be superimposed on an anthropogenic warming trend.”
6. Anastasios Tsonis and Kyle Swanson – www.cspinet.org/new/pdf/gt_statement.pdf – Statement:
   “Since approximately 2000 global temperature has leveled off and maybe is decreasing. In our analysis we found that these fluctuations in global temperature trend are part of the natural variability of the climate system. They may be superimposed on the OGTT but they represent intrinsic variability and when they are positive (negative) they accentuate (offset) the background global warming. We clearly state this in the paper and in the conclusions. Thus, our work does not dispute global (greenhouse) warming.”
7. Bruce R. Barkstrom (1984) – The Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) – Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society BAMS 65:1170-1185 – Atmospheric Sciences Division, NASA Langley Research Center – ‘Peer-reviewed’
   “The Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) is the first multisatellite system designed to measure the Earth’s radiation budget… are expected to provide a substantial improvement in the accuracy of the radiation budget on regional as well as global scales . This paper also provides a brief description of the implementation of the ERBE Project, including the ERBE Science Team.”
8. Takmeng Wong, Bruce A. Wielicki, And Robert B. Lee Iii, G. Louis Smith, Kathryn A. Bush, Joshua K. Willis (2006) – Re-examination of the Observed Decadal Variability of the Earth Radiation Budget Using Altitude-Corrected ERBE/ERBS Nonscanner WFOV Data – Journal of Climate 19:4028:4040 – 15/08/2006 – NASA Langley Research Center; National Institute of Aerospace; Science Applications International Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology Corporation – ‘Peer-reviewed’
   “The ocean heat storage and net radiation data, while showing relatively large interannual variability, are consistent with heating predicted from current state-of-the-art coupled ocean–atmosphere climate models.”
9. Richard S. Lindzen, Ming-Dah Chou, and Arthur Y. Hou (2001) – Does the earth have an adaptive infrared iris? – Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society BAMS 82:417-432 – ‘Peer-reviewed’
   “This new mechanism would, in effect, constitute an adaptive infrared iris that opens and closes in order to control the Outgoing Longwave Radiation in response to changes in surface temperature in a manner similar to the way in which an eye’s iris opens and closes in response to changing light levels.”
10. Dennis L. Hartmann and Marc L. Michelsen (2001) – No Evidence for Iris – Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society BAMS February 2002:249-254 – ‘Peer-reviewed’
    “It is unreasonable to interpret these changes as evidence that deep tropical convective anvils contract in response to SST increases. Moreover, the nature of the cloudweighted SST statistic is such that any variation in cloud fraction over the coldest water must produce a negative correlation with cloud fraction, a fact that has no useful interpretation in climate sensitivity analysis. Therefore, the observational analysis in LCH lends no support to the hypothesis that increased SST decreases the area covered by tropical anvil cloud.”
11. Kevin E. Trenberth – Testimony on ‘The 2001 Assessment of Climate Change’ before The US Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works – National Center for Atmospheric Research – 02/05/2001 – ‘Peer-reviewed’
    “Recent possibilities that might nullify global warming (Lindzen 2001) were considered but not accepted because they run counter to the prevailing evidence, and the IPCC (Stocker et al. 2001) concluded that “the balance of evidence favours a positive clear sky water vapour feedback of the magnitude comparable to that found in the simulations … The best assessment of global warming is that the human climate signal emerged from the noise of background variability in the late 1970s.”
12. Takmeng Wong, Bruce A. Wielicki, And Robert B. Lee Iii, G. Louis Smith, Kathryn A. Bush, Joshua K. Willis (2006) – Re-examination of the Observed Decadal Variability of the Earth Radiation Budget Using Altitude-Corrected ERBE/ERBS Nonscanner WFOV Data – Journal of Climate 19:4028:4040 – 15/08/2006 – NASA Langley Research Center; National Institute of Aerospace; Science Applications International Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology Corporation– ‘Peer-reviewed’
    “The new results do not support the recent Iris hypothesis (Lindzen et al. 2001; Lin et al. 2004). As tropical and global SST warms in the late 1990s during the 1997–98 El Niño, the Iris negative feedback predicts net flux to decrease (ocean cooling) as opposed to the increase (ocean heating) seen.”
13. Svante Arrhenius (1986) – On the Influence of Carbonic Acid in the Air upon the Temperature on the Ground – Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science 41:237-276 – Abril 1896
14. James Gustave Speth (2008) – George M. Woodwell, Gordon J. MacDonald, Roger Revelle and C. David Keeling (1979) – The Carbon Dioxide Problem: Implications for Policy in the Management of Energy and Other Resources. A Report to the Council on Environmental Quality – July 1979 – Reprinted with a foreword by James Gustave Speth on the occasion of George Masters Woodwell’s 80th Birthday Symposium, Woods Hole Research Center – 24/10/2008 – ‘Peer-reviewed’
    “The report’s contents were alarming. The report predicted “a warming that will probably be conspicuous within the next twenty years,” and it called for early action: “the time for implementing the policies is fast passing.” The year was 1979, almost three decades ago … I soon presented the report to President Carter”
15. Hegerl, G.C., F. W. Zwiers, P. Braconnot, N.P. Gillett, Y. Luo, J.A. Marengo Orsini, N. Nicholls, J.E. Penner and P.A. Stott, 2007: Understanding and Attributing Climate Change. In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York
16. James E. Hansen et al (2008) – Target Atmospheric CO2: Where Should Humanity Aim? – The Open Atmospheric Science Journal 2:217-231 – 10 authors – Peer-reviewed
    “Climate models alone are unable to define climate sensitivity more precisely, because it is difficult to prove that models realistically incorporate all feedback processes. The Earth’s history, however, allows empirical inference of both fast feedback climate sensitivity and long-term sensitivity to specified GHG change including the slow ice sheet feedback … The total 6.5 W/m2 forcing and global surface temperature change of 5 ± 1°C relative to the Holocene (ref) yield an empirical sensitivity ~¾ ± ¼ °C per W/m2 forcing, i.e., a Charney sensitivity of 3 ± 1 °C for the 4 W/m2 forcing of doubled CO₂. This empirical fast-feedback climate sensitivity allows water vapor, clouds, aerosols, sea ice, and all other fast feedbacks that exist in the real world to respond naturally to global climate change.”
17. Richard A. Kerr – What Happened to Global Warming? Scientists Say Just Wait a Bit – Science 326:28-29 – 03/10/2009 – ‘Peer-reviewed’
    “In the HadCRUT3 temperature record, the world warmed by 0.07°C ± 0.07°C from 1999 through 2008, not the 0.20°C expected by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Corrected for the natural temperature effects of El Niño and its sister climate event La Niña, the decade’s trend is a perfectly flat 0.00°C.”
18. Stefan Rahmstorf – A warming pause? – Real Climate 06/10/2009 – http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2009/10/a-warming-pause/ – ‘Peer-reviewed’ (informal)
    “The supposed pause in warming turns out to be just an artifact of the “Arctic hole” in the Hadley data – we don’t even need to refer to natural variability to explain it … it is pointless to look for explanations for a warming pause.”
19. Peter A. Stott et al (2008) – Observed climate change constrains the likelihood of extreme future global warming – Tellus 60B, 76–81– – Met Office Hadley Centre (Reading Unit), Met Office, Meteorology Building, University of Reading – ‘Peer-reviewed’
    “If cooling due to present-day levels of atmospheric aerosol is suppressing global temperatures, future reductions in aerosols emissions would allow the full greenhouse gas induced warming to be realised. The many uncertainties in aerosol physics and chemistry mean that a large range of present-day aerosol cooling is possible which could imply a large climate sensitivity, extremely large future warming and the increased risk of catastrophic consequences.”
20. Veerabhadran Ramanathan et al (2007) – Warming trends in Asia amplified by brown cloud solar absorption – Nature 448:577-681 – Center for Clouds, Chemistry and Climate, Scripps Institution of Oceanography; NASA Langley Research Center – ‘Peer-reviewed’
    “We found that atmospheric brown clouds enhanced lower atmospheric solar heating by about 50 % . Our general circulation model simulations… suggest that atmospheric brown clouds contribute as much as the recent increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gases to regional lower atmospheric warming trends. We propose that the combined warming trend of 0.25 K per decade may be sufficient to account for the observed retreat of the Himalayan glaciers.”
21. Richard S. Lindzen – Taking Greenhouse Warming Seriously – Energy and Environment 18:937-950, 2007
22. Richard Monastersky – Storm Brews Over Global Warming – Chronicle of Higher Education 04/09/2007 – http://www.arp.harvard.edu/sci/climate/journalclub/ChronicleEd.pdf
    “Sonja Boehmer-Christiansen: … “I’m following my political agenda — a bit, anyway,” she says. “But isn’t that the right of the editor?” The two papers apparently attracted notice high in the Bush administration. According to internal documents from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, made public by the National Wildlife Federation, the administration fought to include mention of the studies in an agency report on the state of the environment, a move that EPA staff members blocked by deleting all mention of climate change.”
23. Richard S. Lindzen and Yong-Sang Choi (2009) – On the determination of climate feedbacks from ERBE data – Geophysical Research Letters 36, L16705, doi: 10.1029/2009GL039628 – 26/08/2009 – Program in Atmospheres, Oceans, and Climate, Massachusetts Institute of Technology – ‘Peer-reviewed’
    “This is the opposite of the behavior of 11 atmospheric models forced by the same SSTs. Therefore, the models display much higher climate sensitivity than is inferred from ERBE, though it is difficult to pin down such high sensitivities with any precision. Results also show, the feedback in ERBE is mostly from shortwave radiation while the feedback in the models is mostly from long-wave radiation. Although such a test does not distinguish the mechanisms, this is important since the inconsistency of climate feedbacks constitutes a very fundamental problem in climate prediction.”
24. John McLean, Chris de Freitas, and Robert Carter (2009) – Influence of the Southern Oscillation on tropospheric temperature – Journal of Geophysical Research 114, D14104 – doi:10.1029/2008JD011637 – 23/07/2009- ‘Peer-reviewed’
    “The results showed that [Southern Oscillation Index) accounted for 81% of the variance in tropospheric temperature anomalies in the tropics. Overall the results suggest that the Southern Oscillation exercises a consistently dominant influence on mean global temperature, with a maximum effect in the tropics, except for periods when equatorial volcanism causes ad hoc cooling. That mean global tropospheric temperature has for the last 50 years fallen and risen in close accord with the SOI of 5–7 months earlier shows the potential of natural forcing mechanisms to account for most of the temperature variation.”
25. Alessio Alexiadis (2007) – Global warming and human activity: A model for studying the potential instability of the carbon dioxide/temperature feedback mechanism – Ecological Modelling 203:243–256 – UCY-CompSci, European Marie Curie Transfer of Knowledge Center (TOK-DEV) for the Computational Sciences, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering , University of Cyprus – ‘Peer-reviewed’
    “Control theory is used to study the connection between human activities and global warming … The particular feature, which makes the model proposed in this paper different from other global warming models, is the possibility to use control theory in order to analyze the stability of the system … The question that stability analysis can answer is whether it is likely that an external forcing can transform the previous stable and self-regulating mechanism into an unstable and auto-excited system with typical run-away behavior.”
26. Andrew E. Dessler and Steven C. Sherwood – A Matter of Humidity – Science 323:1020-1021 – 20/02/2009 – Texas A&M University; Climate Change Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney- ‘Peer-reviewed’
    “How strong a part does water vapor play in global warming? … In the 1990s, there was little observational or theoretical understanding of atmospheric humidity and how it varied with global climate. As a result, debate raged over whether the water vapor feedback would really occur, with some very influential proposals that it would not (1) – (1): R. S. Lindzen, Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc. 71, 288 (1990) … the water vapor feedback is virtually certain to be strongly positive, with most evidence supporting a magnitude of 1.5 to 2.0 W/m2/K, sufficient to roughly double the warming that would otherwise occur.”
27. Richard S. Lindzen and Yong-Sang Choi (2009) – On the determination of climate feedbacks from ERBE data – Geophysical Research Letters 36 L16705 doi: 10.1029/2009GL039628 – Program in Atmospheres, Oceans, and Climate, Massachusetts Institute of Technology – 26/08/2009 – Peer-reviewed
    “Climate feedbacks are estimated from fluctuations in the outgoing radiation budget from the latest version of Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) nonscanner data. It appears, for the entire tropics, the observed outgoing radiation fluxes increase with the increase in SSTs. The observed behavior of radiation fluxes implies negative feedback processes associated with relatively low climate sensitivity. This is the opposite of the behavior of 11 atmospheric models forced by the same SSTs. Therefore, the models display much higher climate sensitivity than is inferred from ERBE … Although such a test does not distinguish the mechanisms, this is important since the inconsistency of climate feedbacks constitutes a very fundamental problem in climate prediction.”
28. Trenberth et al (2010) – Relationships between tropical sea surface temperature and top-of-atmosphere radiation – Geophysical Research Letters doi: 10.1029/2009GL042314 – Peer-reviewed http://www.agu.org/journals/pip/gl/2009GL042314-pip.pdf
    “Atmospheric model results are explored and found to be consistent with observations.  From 1985 to 1999 the largest perturbation in TOA [top-of-atmosphere] radiative fluxes was from the eruption of Mount Pinatubo and clearly models which do not include that forcing will not simulate the effects. Consequently, regressions of radiation with SSTs in the tropics may have nothing to say about climate sensitivity … As shown here, the approach taken by LC09 is flawed, and its results are seriously in error.  The LC09 choice of dates has distorted their results and underscores the defective nature of their analysis.”
29. Archer Daniels Midland – http://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archer_Daniels_Midland
    “El 1993, ADM va ser objecte d’una investigació sobre la fixació irregular dels preus de la lisina pel Departament de Justícia dels EUA. Alts executius de ADM van ser acusats amb càrrecs penals per participar de maneraq fraudulenta en la fixació de preus en el mercat de la lisina internacional. Tres dels alts funcionaris de ADM van ser finalment condemnats a presó federal el 1999. D’altra banda, el 1997, l’empresa va ser multada amb 100 milions de dòlars, la multa més gran de defensa de la competència en la història dels EUA fins aquell moment.»
30. Plazaeme- PlazaMoyua.org http://plazamoyua.wordpress.com
31. Curtis A. Moore – A Package for Copenhagen: Existing Authorities in the United States for Responding to Global Warming – 10/11/2009 – http://healthandcleanair.org/newsletters/HCA_fall09.pdf
    “Following the release of the film, An Inconvenient Truth, the Competitive Enterprise Institute (CEI), a group funded in part by ExxonMobil, launches an advertisement campaign welcoming increased carbon dioxide pollution. “Carbon dioxide: They call it pollution, we call it life,” the ad says. [Competitive Enterprise Institute, 5/2006; New York Times, 9/21/2006].”

Ir al artículo
Ir al artículo 2