- Sir John Houghton (1994) – Global Warming – Cambridge University Press – ISBN: 978-0-521-52874-0 – 351 pp.
- Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier (1827) – Remarques générales sur les températures du globe terrestre et des espaces planétaires – Annales de Chimie et Physique 27:136-167 – 28/12/1904 – Traducción de R.T. Pierrehumber en 01/09/2004: On the Temperatures of the Terrestrial Sphere and Interplanetary Space:
“An English translation of Fourier’s article has not been available in print for more than a century. Although the article is widely cited, it is my experience that its actual contents are not well known in the Anglophone community (and they are hardly better known among Francophones). My object in doing a new translation is to help rectify this situation, while using some of my own knowledge of physics of climate to help put Fourier’s arguments in the clearest possible light.” - Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier (1837) – General Remarks on the Temperature of the Terrestrial Globe and the Planetary Spaces – American Journal of Science and Arts:32 – Julio, 1837
- John Tyndall (1861) – On the Absorption and Radiation of Heat by Gases and Vapors – Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science – September, 1861
“The solar heat possesses. . . the power of crossing an atmosphere; but, when the heat is absorbed by the planet, it is so changed in quality that the rays emanating from the planet cannot get with the same freedom back into space. Thus the atmosphere admits of the entrance of the solar heat, but checks its exit; and the result is a tendency to accumulate heat at the surface of the planet.” - Svante Arrhenius (1896) – On the Influence of Carbonic Acid in the Air upon the Temperature on the Ground – Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science 22:169-194 – 01/04/1896
“To get an increase of 3.4 ºC it will be necessary to alter the quantity of carbonic acid till it reaches a value nearly midway between 2 and 2.5 [its present mean] … A simple calculation shows that the temperature on the Arctic regions would rise about 8º to 9 ºC if the carbonic acid increased to 2,5 or 3 times its present value.” - Infrared Spectroscopy – Adapted from : R. L. Pecsok L. D. Shields, Modern Methods of Chemical Analysis (Wiley, New York, 1968); and A.T. Schwartz et al., Chemistry in Context (American Chemical Society, Washington, DC 1994). – http://www.wag.caltech.edu/home/jang/genchem/infrared.htm
“The number of vibrational modes (different types of vibrations) in a molecule is 3N-5 for linear molecules and 3N-6 for nonlinear molecules, where N is the number of atoms … Carbon dioxide, a linear molecule, has 3 x 3 – 5 = 4 vibrations. These vibrational modes … are responsible for the «greenhouse» effect in which heat radiated from the earth is absorbed (trapped) by CO2 molecules in the atmosphere. …The asymmetric stretch (B) is infrared active because there is a change in the molecular dipole moment during this vibration. To be «active» means that absorption of a photon to excite the vibration is allowed by the rules of quantum mechanics. [Aside: the infrared «selection rule» states that for a particular vibrational mode to be observed (active) in the infrared spectrum, the mode must involve a change in the dipole moment of the molecule.] Infrared radiation at 2349 (4.26 μm) excites this particular vibration. The symmetric stretch is not infrared active, and so this vibration is not observed in the infrared spectrum of CO2. The two equal-energy bending vibrations in CO2 (C and D in Figure 4) are identical except that one bending mode is in the plane of the paper, and one is out of the plane. Infrared radiation at 667 (15.00 μm) excites these vibrations.” - Sir John Houghton (1994) – Global Warming – Cambridge University Press – ISBN: 978-0-521-52874-0 – 351 pp.
- Charles D. Keeling et al (1976) – Atmospheric carbon dioxide variations at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii – Tellus 28:538-551 – Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California
“In conjunction with the Antarctic study discussed in the preceeding paper (Keeling et al, 1976) a nearly interrupted series of CO2 measurements has been obtained with a continuoslly recording nondispersive infrared analyzer over a period of forteen years high altitude observatory on the island of Hawaii. Two major features of the data are a seasonal oscillation and a long term increase.” - Ralph F. Keeling et al (1996) – Global and hemispheric CO2 sinks deduced from changes in atmospheric O2 concentration – Nature 381:218-221 doi: 10.1038/381218a0 – 16/05/1996 – Scripps Institution of Oceanography
«Here we present an extensive O2/N2 data set which shows simultaneous trends in O2/N2 in both northern and southern hemispheres and allows the O2/N2 gradient between the two hemispheres to be quantified. The data are consistent with a budget in which, for the 1991–94 period, the global oceans and the northern land biota each removed the equivalent of approximately 30% of fossil-fuel CO2 emissions, while the tropical land biota as a whole were not a strong source or sink.» - Sir John Houghton (1994) – Global Warming – Cambridge University Press – ISBN: 978-0-521-52874-0 – 351 pp.
“About 10 kg of 14C is produced in the atmosphere each year by the action of the particle radiation of the sun; half of this will decay into nitrogen over a period of 5730 years (the ‘half life’ of 14C). When carbon in carbon dioxide is taken up by plants and other living things, less 13C is taken up in proportionthan 12C. Fossil fuel such as coal and oil was originally living matter so also contains less 13C (by about eighteen parts per thousand) than the carbon dioxide in ordinary air in the atmosphere today. Adding carbon to the atmosphere from burning forests, decaying vegetation or fossil fuel will therefore tend to reduce the proportion of 13C. Because fossil fuel has been stored in the Earth for much longer than 5.730 years … it contains no 14C at all. Therefore, carbon from fossil fuel added to the atmosphere reduces the proportion of 14C the atmosphere contains.”
Referencias adicionales
- Robert E. Dickinson & Ralph J. Cicerone (1960) – Future global warming from atmospheric trace gases – Nature 319:109-115 doi:10.1038/319109a0 – 09/01/1986
“Human activity this century has increased the concentrations of atmospheric trace gases, which in turn has elevated global surface temperatures by blocking the escape of thermal infrared radiation. Natural climate variations are masking this temperature increase, but further additions of trace gases during the next 65 years could double or even quadruple the present effects, causing the global average temperature to rise by at least 1 °C and possibly by more than 5 °C.” - Syukuro Manabe and Richard T. Wetheralt (1966) – Thermal Equilibrium of the Atmosphere with a Given Distribution of Relative Humidity – Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 24:241-259
- Cynthia Rosenzweig et al (2008) – Attributing physical and biological impacts to anthropogenic climate change – Nature 453:353-358 doi:10.1038/nature06937 – 19/03/2008 – NASA/Goddard Institute for Space Studies and Columbia Center for Climate Systems Research
“Given the conclusions from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report that most of the observed increase in global average temperatures since the mid-twentieth century is very likely to be due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations, and furthermore that it is likely that there has been significant anthropogenic warming over the past 50 years averaged over each continent except Antarctica, we conclude that anthropogenic climate change is having a significant impact on physical and biological systems globally and in some continents.” - Francis Zwiers and Gabriele Hegerl (2008) – Attributing cause and effect – Nature 453:296-297 – 15/05/2008 – Climate Research Division, Environment Canada; School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh
“The climate is changing, and so are aspects of the world’s physical and biological systems. It is no easy matter to link cause and effect — the latest attack on the problem brings the power of meta-analysis to bear. The article by Rosenzweig and colleagues that appears on page 353 of this issue is the first to formally link observed global changes in physical and biological systems to human induced climate change … The authors make the case using what is known as the ‘joint attribution’ approach.” - Simon F. B. Tett et al (1999) – Causes of twentieth-century temperature change near the Earth’s surface – Nature 399:569-572 – 10/06/1999 – Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research, Meteorological Office
“The temperature changes over the twentieth century cannot be explained by any combination of natural internal variability and the response to natural forcings alone. Second, the recent warming, 0.25 K, can be explained by the response of the climate to anthropogenic changes in greenhouse-gas concentrations partly offset by cooling due to anthropogenic sulphate aerosols … For the warming from 1946 to 1996 regardless of any possible amplification of solar or volcanic influence, we exclude purely natural forcing, and attribute it largely to the anthropogenic components.”
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