Usted no se lo cree

Referencias

Sallie Baliunas es una de las dos o tres únicas mujeres pertenecientes al negacionismo profesional organizado del cambio climático

Citas destacadas:

«The empirical evidence actual measurements of Earth’s temperature shows no man-made warming trend. Indeed, over the past two decades, when CO2 levels have been at their highest, global average temperatures have actually cooled slightly.”

Formación:

Astrofísica – Harvard University

Atribución del calentamiento global:

O no es, o es el sol

Otras negaciones:

Destrucción de la capa de ozono por CFC

Posición, Departamento, Universidad:

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Think Tanks:

American Council on Science and Health
American Petroleum Institute
Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow
Competitive Enterprise  Institute
European Science and Environment Forum
George C. Marshall Institute

Senior Scientist, Consejo de Dirección, presidente del Comité Científico

Heartland Institute
Heritage Foundation
Hoover Institution
Manhattan Institute
Scientific Alliance
The Annapolis Center for Science-Based Public Policy

Front groups:

Friends of Science
Global Climate Coalition
Greening Earth Society
International Climate Science Coalition (Nueva Zelanda)
Natural Resources Stewardship Project (Canadá)

Revistas de apariencia académica:

Climate Reasearch
Tech Central Station
World Climate Report (Patrick Michaels)

Textos:

Arthur B. Robinson, Sallie L. Baliunas, Willie Soon, And Zachary W. Robinson (1998) – Environmental Effects of Increased Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide – Oregon Institute of Science and Medicine – 32143 – Oregon Institute of Science and Medicine; George C. Marshall Institute – http://web.archive.org/web/20070713215304/http://www.oism.org/pproject/s33p36.htm
“World leaders gathered in Kyoto, Japan, in December 1997 to consider a world treaty restricting emissions of »greenhouse gases,» chiefly carbon dioxide (CO2), that are thought to cause »global warming» severe increases in Earth’s atmospheric and surface temperatures, with disastrous environmental consequences. Predictions of global warming are based on computer climate modeling, a branch of science still in its infancy. The empirical evidence actual measurements of Earth’s temperature shows no man-made warming trend. Indeed, over the past two decades, when CO2 levels have been at their highest, global average temperatures have actually cooled slightly.”

Willie Soon, Sallie Baliunas, Sherwood B. Idso, Kirill Ya. Kondratyev, Eric S. Posmentier (2002) – Modeling climatic effects of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions: unknowns and uncertainties. Reply to Risbey (2002) – Climate Research 22:187-188 – 37505 – Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics; Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change; Center for Climatic Research, University of Delaware – http://www.int-res.com/articles/cr2002/22/c022p187.pdf
«We conclude by restating 2 important points from our article: (1) ‘Our review points out the enormous scientific difficulties facing the calculation of climatic effects of added CO2 in a GCM, but it does not claim to disprove a significant anthropogenic influence on global climate’; and that (2) ‘the proper use of a climate model is to challenge existing formulations (i.e. a climate model is built to test proposed mechanisms of climate change) rather than to predict unconstrained scenarios of change by adding CO2 to the atmosphere.»

Willie Soon and Sallie Baliunas – Lessons & Limits of Climate History: Was the 20th Century Climate Unusual? – George C. Marshall Institute – 37622 – The Marshall Institute – Science for Better Public Policy – http://www.marshall.org/pdf/materials/136.pdf
«Support for a claim that the climate of the 20th century was unusual could come from either a valid reconstruction of the climate of the past 1,000 years or from a valid estimate of natural climate variability. Neither is available. Lacking this knowledge, the claim that the temperature of the 20th century was unusual cannot be supported.»

Willie Soon, Sallie Baliunas (2003) – Proxy climatic and environmental changes of the past 1000 years – Climate Research 23:89-110 – 37652 – Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics; Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change; Center for Climatic Research, University of Delaware –  http://www.int-res.com/articles/cr2003/23/c023p089.pdf
“The 1000 yr climatic and environmental history of the Earth contained in various proxy records is reviewed … considered as an ensemble of individual expert opinions, the assemblage of local representations of climate establishes both the Little Ice Age and Medieval Warm Period as climatic anomalies with worldwide imprints, extending earlier results by Bryson et al (1963), Lamb (1965), and numerous intervening research efforts. Furthermore, the individual proxies can be used to address the question of whether the 20th century is the warmest of the 2nd millennium locally. Across the world, many records reveal that the 20th century is probably not the warmest nor a uniquely extreme climatic period of the last millennium.”

Willie Soon and Sallie Baliunas, Craig Idso and Sherwood Idso, David R. Legates (2003) – Reconstructing Climatic and Environmental Changes of the Past 1000 Years: A Reappraisal – Energy & Environment – Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics; Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change; Center for Climatic Research, University of Delaware
“Considered as an ensemble of individual observations, an assemblage of the local representations of climate establishes the reality of both the Little Ice Age and the Medieval Warm Period as climatic anomalies with world-wide imprints, extending earlier results by Bryson et al. (1963), Lamb (1965), and numerous other research efforts. Furthermore, these individual proxies are used to determine whether the 20th century is the warmest century of the 2nd Millennium at a variety of globally dispersed locations. Many records reveal that the 20th century is likely not the warmest nor a uniquely extreme climatic period of the last millennium, although it is clear that human activity has significantly impacted some local environments.”

Willie Soon, Sallie Baliunas, Sherwood B. Idso, Kirill Ya. Kondratyev, Eric S. Posmentier (2003) – Modeling climatic effects of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions: unknowns and uncertainties. Reply to Karoly et al. (2003) – Climate Research 24:93-94 – Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics; Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change; Center for Climatic Research, University of Delaware – http://www.int-res.com/articles/cr2003/24/c024p093.pdf
«Systematic errors in observational data also hinder meaningful linkage of observations to causes. Referring to sources of error such as urbanization of studied areas, changes in measurement practices, and so on, Hegerl et al. (2001), for example, have recently concluded that the effect of systematic instrumental error cannot be assessed at present.»

Área principal de conocimiento:

Astrofísica

Observaciones:

Sallie Baulinas es uno de los exponentes principales del negacionismo medioambiental profesional: de lo que se le pida (go-to skeptics)

Referencias:

Science and politics of global climate change – Sovereignty – 22/08/2006 – http://sciencepoliticsclimatechange.blogspot.com/2006/08/being-skeptic-lifetime-commitment_22.html
“Is Dr. Baliunas a lone ‘contrarian’? Hardly. Any list of ozone depletion theory ‘contrarians’ is today likely to number hundreds of scientists world-wide with substantial credentials and credibility. Among them find: Dr. S. Fred Singer, Senior Fellow with the Alexis de Tocqueville Institution, Dr. Hugh Ellsaesser of the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Dr. Thomas Gold of Cornell University, Dr. Patrick Michaels of the University of Virginia, Dr. Marcel Nicolet, world famous atmospheric scientist, Dr. Haroun Tazieff, whose Tazieff Resolution calls for a retraction of the Montreal Protocol, Dr. William Happer of Princeton, and Dr. Frederick Seitz, past head of the National Academy of Science.”

Richard Monastersky – Storm Brews over Global Warming – Chronicle of Higher Education – 04/09/2007 – http://www.arp.harvard.edu/sci/climate/journalclub/ChronicleEd.pdf
“The bulk of the support for their work came from government agencies, but the scientists also received $53,000 — about 5 percent of their total research dollars — from the American Petroleum Institute. In addition, both Mr. Soon and Ms. Baliunas are paid consulting fees by the George C. Marshall Institute.”

Greenpeace – Exxon Just Can’t Quit the Climate Skeptics – PR Watch – 26/05/2009 – http://www.prwatch.org/node/8400
“Baliunas built her denial career downplaying the significance of the destruction of the ozone layer at the George C. Marshall Institute, an Exxon-funded think tank. Soon has become one of the go-to skeptics, appearing as a key speaker at the Heartland Institute’s conferences questioning climate change.”

Union of Concerned Scientists (2007) – Smoke, Mirrors & Hot Air. How ExxonMobil Uses Big Tobacco’s Tactics to Manufacture Uncertainty on Climate Science – Union of Concerned Scientists – http://www.ucsusa.org/assets/documents/global_warming/exxon_report.pdf
“Over the past several years, for example, Baliunas has been formally affiliated with no fewer than nine organizations receiving funding from Exxon-Mobil. Among her other affiliations, she is now a board member and senior scientist at the Marshall Institute, a scientific advisor to the Annapolis Center for Science-Based Public Policy, an advisory board member of the Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow, and a contributing  scientist to the online forum Tech Central Station, all of which are underwritten by ExxonMobil.87 (For more, see Appendix B, Table 2.) “

Myanna Lahsen (2008) – Experiences of modernity in the greenhouse: A cultural analysis of a physicist ‘trio’ supporting the backlash against global warming – Global Environmental Change 18:204-219 – Center for Science and Technology Policy Research, University of Colorado, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Epaciais (INPE), Sao José dos Campos, Brazil
“As of February 2003, the George C. Marshall Institute’s website featured a staff of five, including one scientist, Willie Soon. Willie Soon, ‘‘Senior Scientist’’ with the Marshall Institute, is a physicist at the Solar and Stellar Physics Division of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics and an astronomer at the Mount Wilson Observatory. He collaborates extensively with Sallie Baliunas, another physicist climate contrarian affiliated with the conservative movement (ref) and the Marshall Institute. Baliunas serves as a member of the institute’s Board of Directors.”